Advancing the Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Frontier: Socio-Technical Innovations in Kenya’s Non-Sewered Sanitation Landscapes

Brief Summary

In the evolving sanitation landscape of the Global South, the transport and treatment of fecal waste serve as critical links between containment and environmental safety. Drawing from the Sanitation Accountability Symposia (2023 and 2025), this article examines systemic challenges in Kenya’s sanitation service chain and the shift toward innovative, sector-led regulatory models. We explore how high operational costs, fragmented oversight, and geographic accessibility issues necessitate a transition toward Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS), decentralized infrastructure, and professionalized service delivery.